Evidence-based, physician-crafted long-form articles. Separate pages. Search-friendly slugs.
How TSH, FT4, and FT3 interact; common lab patterns, pitfalls (biotin, illness, drugs), and when to treat or repeat.
Stepwise approach using MCV + retic: iron deficiency vs. inflammation vs. thalassemia; hemolysis workup; B12/folate; when to scope, transfuse, or give IV iron.
Practical modality selection for common scenarios; strengths, limitations, radiation, and contrast safety.
Triage signals for admission, oxygen 88–92%, when to start antibiotics, steroid course, NIV triggers, discharge criteria, and prevention.
Symptom-first triage, when to culture, shortest effective antibiotics for cystitis, outpatient vs. inpatient pyelonephritis, imaging rules, and recurrence prevention.
How to classify hepatocellular vs cholestatic injury, use the R-ratio, interpret conjugated vs unconjugated bilirubin, and know when to image or escalate.
Bedside triage with ECG and orthostatics, red flags for admission, and targeted testing (echo, rhythm monitoring, tilt) without over-imaging.
When to anticoagulate (CHA₂DS₂-VASc), how to pick and dose DOACs, renal/drug adjustments, special populations, periprocedural holds, and reversal.
Clear pathway for comedonal, inflammatory, and nodulocystic acne: skincare, retinoids/BPO, antibiotic stewardship, hormonal therapy, isotretinoin, and PIH/scar prevention.
Outpatient algorithm: fasting targets, basal-first titration every 3 days, when to add GLP-1 or prandial insulin, correction scales, and hypoglycemia fixes.
How to assess volume, pick/adjust loop diuretics, handle diuretic resistance with thiazide synergy, protect kidneys/electrolytes, and set a home action plan.
Severity triage, oxygen targets, SABA/SAMA dosing, early steroids, magnesium for non-response, discharge criteria, SMART therapy, and follow-up.
Stage by eGFR & albuminuria, start ACEi/ARB, add SGLT2, layer finerenone in T2D with albuminuria, and monitor Cr/K⁺ safely with sick-day rules.
Confirm true resistance, fix measurement/adherence, screen secondary causes (aldosteronism, OSA, kidney), then treat with ACEi/ARB + DHP-CCB + thiazide-like diuretic and add MRA safely.
Recognize sepsis fast, draw cultures, start empiric antibiotics, give balanced crystalloids with dynamic reassessment, escalate to norepinephrine/vasopressin, and pursue early source control.
Use PERC/Wells/Geneva/YEARS, apply age-adjusted D-dimer, choose CTPA vs V/Q wisely (pregnancy/renal), risk-stratify with sPESI/HESTIA, pick the right anticoagulant, and know when to lyse.
Stabilize first: restrictive transfusion, PPI/octreotide when appropriate, reversal strategy, and when to scope vs CTA. Clear disposition rules.
CAP triage with CURB-65/PSI, targeted diagnostics, who goes home vs hospital/ICU, empiric antibiotics by risk, durations, and follow-up.
Pretest with Wells, use D-dimer judiciously, scan smart (proximal vs whole-leg), know when to repeat ultrasound, and treat stable patients at home with label-correct DOAC dosing.
SNOOP red flags, CT→LP/CTA for thunderclap, dangerous mimics (CVT, GCA, meningitis), and a clean acute+preventive migraine plan without medication-overuse.
Airway-first approach; distinguish histamine vs bradykinin angioedema; epinephrine for anaphylaxis; H1 up-titration (×4), brief steroids, and omalizumab/cyclosporine for chronic cases.
ECG-first safety with IV calcium, rapid intracellular shift (insulin/dextrose, beta-agonist, bicarbonate if acidotic), and definitive removal (diuretics, binders, dialysis) with rebound prevention.
Classify tonicity, use urine osm/Na⁺ to find the mechanism, treat symptoms with 3% saline, and prevent overcorrection (≤8–10 mEq/L per 24 h; ≤6 in high risk) with a DDAVP clamp.
TSH first, ultrasound risk (ACR TI-RADS), size thresholds for FNA, when ‘hot’ nodules skip biopsy, Bethesda-guided actions, and surveillance intervals.
TSH/Free T4 patterns, when to treat subclinical disease, weight-based LT4 dosing, absorption & drug interactions, and nuances for pregnancy, elderly, CAD, and central causes.
Differentiate Graves vs toxic nodules vs thyroiditis using TSH/FT4/FT3, TRAb, and uptake scan; control symptoms with beta-blockers; choose methimazole/PTU, radioiodine, or surgery. Special cases: pregnancy, ophthalmopathy, storm.
Titrate O₂ to 88–92%, give SABA/SAMA, prednisone 40 mg ×5 days, start antibiotics when purulence/ventilatory support, use NIV for hypercapnic acidosis, and plan relapse prevention.
Use Alvarado/AIR/PAS to triage, ultrasound-first (CT/MRI when needed), give peri-op antibiotics, and choose antibiotics-first vs laparoscopic appendectomy with clear criteria.
Differentiate biliary colic from cholecystitis, read the ultrasound, know when to order HIDA/MRCP/ERCP, start antibiotics appropriately, and time laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Stabilize with a restrictive transfusion strategy, use GBS/Rockall, start PPI (non-variceal) or octreotide+ceftriaxone (variceal), and perform urgent endoscopy within 24 h—sooner if unstable.
Resuscitate with a restrictive transfusion strategy, localize with CT-angiography during active bleeding, prep for colonoscopy within 24 h, and use IR embolization or endoscopic therapy as indicated.
Confirm KDIGO AKI, separate prerenal vs ATN vs postrenal with urine microscopy and physiology, resuscitate with balanced crystalloids, stop nephrotoxins, and use AEIOU to time dialysis.
Diagnose with the triad, resuscitate with balanced crystalloids, start insulin only after K⁺ ≥3.3, add D5 when glucose ~200 to keep clearing ketones, avoid routine bicarbonate, and overlap basal insulin at transition.
Prioritize fluids, calculate corrected sodium and effective osmolality, start low-dose insulin after resuscitation and K⁺ repletion, avoid rapid osmotic shifts, and overlap basal insulin at transition.
Recognize early, cultures + antibiotics within 1 hour, lactate-guided balanced crystalloids, norepinephrine to MAP ≥65 (add vasopressin/epi), and fast source control with smart de-escalation.
NIV + nitrates for hypertensive pulmonary edema, loop diuretic strategy with urine sodium checks and thiazide add-on, ultrasound-guided decongestion (B-lines/IVC/VExUS), and safe discharge criteria.
Separate TIA from minor stroke, run CT/CTA ± MRI, start short-course DAPT (ASA+clopidogrel 21 d or ASA+ticagrelor 30 d select cases), screen for AF, fix carotids, and lock in secondary prevention.
Lower SBP to ~140–160, reverse anticoagulants immediately, manage ICP in ICU, and call neurosurgery early for cerebellar bleeds, hydrocephalus (EVD), or deterioration.
Risk-stratify with CURB-65/PSI, pick empirics by setting and comorbidities, don’t delay first dose, reassess at 48–72 h, and de-escalate with a 5-day minimum once clinically stable.
Use structured pretest probability with PERC and age-adjusted D-dimer to avoid unnecessary CT; image the right patients and treat by risk tier (massive/intermediate/low) with clear outpatient criteria.
ACS playbook: triage, ECG, hs-troponin deltas, antithrombotics, and reperfusion strategy.